Over time, a compensated hypertrophy may result in left ventricular dilatation and develop pathological type of hypertrophy, which involves activation of additional intracellular signaling pathways such as ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, and JNK 1/2/3 (69) or the calcineurin system (70). Here, MAPK3 is linked to Left ventricular dilatation.