However, our findings appear consistent with some previous studies in different populations (i.e., not with renal diseases) where similar inverse relationship between glycemic variability and insulin secretion/beta-cell function was observed, likely due to the fact that the fluctuations of blood glucose can lead to deterioration of the beta-cell function (possibly due to beta-cell apoptosis caused by damage to cellular defense homeostasis), though on the other hand an increase in glucose fluctuations may also be a consequence of defective beta-cell function (34–38). Here, INS is linked to kidney disorder.