Additionally, the levels of the molecular markers of cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and apoptosis (such as MyHC, Col-1, MMP-9, TGF-β, Bax, Bcl-2, and Caspase-3) were decreased by PD98059 or LY317615 (Figure 6G). Here, TGFB1 is linked to cardiac hypertrophy.