The induction of ILEI and LIFRβ expression by TGF-β is particularly interesting result, as TGF-β has been associated with the increased transcription of LIF in a number of cancers including in melanoma (72), thymic epithelium (103), glioblastoma (39), and in tumor associated stromal fibroblasts (104). The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is glioblastoma.