The induction of ILEI and LIFRβ expression by TGF-β is particularly interesting result, as TGF-β has been associated with the increased transcription of LIF in a number of cancers including in melanoma (72), thymic epithelium (103), glioblastoma (39), and in tumor associated stromal fibroblasts (104). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and cancer.