HMGB1 and endothelial dysfunction: As for the endothelium, the contradictory effects of HMGB1 were also found; some reported that HMGB1 induced endothelial dysfunction and inflammation [23, 24], inhibited endothelial cell migration [25], and enhanced LDL transcytosis in endothelial cells to promote the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis [26], while others reported that HMGB1 promoted angiogenesis in endothelial cells [27].