HMGB1 and infarction: As a distinct proinflammatory cytokine, HMGB1 contributed to the pathogenesis of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury [17], heart failure [18], and diabetes [19]; however, a series of beneficial effects of HMGB1 in CVDs were also found, such as boosting myocardial regeneration and repair after infarction [20, 21] and protecting against ischemia-reperfusion injury [22].