This finding was somewhat unexpected, as we previously reported a bias towards TNF-α over IFN-γ production in response to stimulation of DENV-specific T cells with peptides of heterologous serotypes, and an association of secretion of TNF-α, but not IFN-γ, by pre-infection PBMC with hospitalization during secondary infection (7, 26). The gene discussed is IFNG; the disease is infection.