We then measured the thickness of staining across the membrane and note that CMV infection led to the most profuse villous staining of PD-L1 compared to controls (p=0.034) while the thickness was significantly decreased in placentae diagnosed with VUE compared to both control (p=0.004) and CMV (p=0.0001; Figure 1C). The gene discussed is CD274; the disease is cytomegalovirus infection.