Consistent with our data, P-gp is downregulated in (1) human first trimester placental explants exposed to LPS (Lye et al., 2015), (2) human PTB placentae with chorioamnionitis (Do Imperio et al., 2018), (3) placentae from pregnant malaria-infected C57BL/6 mice exhibiting high rates of PTB (Fontes et al., 2019), and (4) placentae from pregnant ZIKV-infected mice (Andrade et al., 2021). This evidence concerns the gene PGP and malaria.