INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: For instance, ERK modulates inflammatory activation of macrophages to inhibit beige adipogenesis in obesity (Chung et al., 2017), p38 regulates inflammation and insulin signaling (Nandipati et al., 2017), JNK promotes obesity-induced IR by regulating ATMs M1 polarization in WAT (Han et al., 2013).