INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: 2008; Wang et al. 2010). However, the reason for this low prevalence in Kazaks remains unclear. Identifying this reason could be of great significance for T2DM treatment. Recent studies have suggested that T2DM may be due to an imbalance in gut microbial composition and structure (Ma et al. 2018). For example, Prevotella copri and Bacteroides vulgatus contribute to insulin resistance, while Akkermansia municiphila and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii increase insulin sensitivity (Li et al. 2016).