To determine whether the inhibitory in vitro cell growth effects could be recapitulated ex vivo, mTORC1 and 2 were inhibited (using either AZD2014 or Torin 1) in explants from freshly resected human tumours; samples were stained for cytokeratin (as a marker of tumour area), puromycin (to assess protein synthesis) and phospho rpS6, ATP5A, SDH and Ki67 (Fig. 7a). The gene discussed is ATP5PF; the disease is neoplasm.