As DPP4 acts not only on incretins but also on other substrates which are involved in cardiovascular disease, it is sensible to assume that the relative contributions of these substrates to the cardiovascular actions of DPP4 differ among patients or diseases, and it is thus the equilibrium between the catalytic and the non-catalytic function of DPP4 which ultimately determines its role, in both diabetic and non-diabetic individuals [13]. Here, GCG is linked to cardiovascular disorder.