HMOX1 and coinfection: We previously addressed this shortfall by investigating expression of the antioxidant enzyme heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1) in the context of HIV–tuberculosis co-infection.3 HMOX1 expression was significantly higher in patients co-infected with HIV and tuberculosis than in those with tuberculosis alone, with increased expression in those with co-infection being driven by HIV-1 viraemia.