The top three markers contributing most to overall network density by AUC in the subgroup of those without HIV-1 co-infection were CXCL10, C-reactive protein, and IFNα2, whereas the top three markers in the subgroup of those with HIV-1 co-infection were IL-17A, IL-1β, and TNFα (appendix 1 p 17). Here, IL1B is linked to coinfection.