In addition, TNF-α and IL-6, which are strongly induced by PFO, are involved in the development of pathological pain as well as fever (Zhang and An, 2007), and IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 are reported to cause acute lung injury/ARDS (Aisiku et al., 2016; Yang et al., 2020). Here, TNF is linked to acute lung injury.