We and others have reported a variety of immune abnormalities in ALS, including increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-12, IL-17, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, C–C motif chemokine ligand (CCL) 2, CCL4, CCL11, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL) 8, and CXCL109, increased serum IL-6, IL-17, and CCL210–12, and increased circulating IL-13-producing T cells13. This evidence concerns the gene IL17A and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.