TLR4 and cancer: Many well-defined PAMPs have been explored, mostof them targeting the toll-like receptors (TLRs),3 C-type lectins,4 and nucleotide-bindingoligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors.5 Since TLR4 stimulation plays a key role in initiating rapid innateimmune responses, TLR4 agonists are promising candidates to developvaccine adjuvants6−10 and cancer immunotherapeutics.11 Lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-stimulated activation of TLR4 promotes the formation of the[TLR4/MD-2/LPS]2 membrane dimer,12 which interacts with two important adaptor protein molecules: MyD88and TRIF.