Pan‐cancer studies demonstrated that VEGF could make vascular abnormalities reduce tumor perfusion and then promote acidosis and hypoxia to form an immunosuppressive TME; it could also downregulate the expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells, increase interstitial fluid pressure, and upregulate PD‐1 expression on T cells to inhibit the activity and infiltration of T cells.139. Here, PDCD1 is linked to neoplasm.