SMAD2 and Hepatic fibrosis: In addition, miR-193 plays a protective role in pulmonary (Liu et al., 2019) and hepatic fibrosis (Ju et al., 2019) by regulating canonical TGF-β/SMAD2/3 and non-canonical TGF-β/PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways, respectively.