SMAD4 and lung carcinoma: Given the importance of the SMAD4-PAK3-JNK-Jun axis in experimental lung cancer metastasis, we explored the possible clinical significance of SMAD4, PAK3, p-JNK, and p-Jun expression in human lung cancers, including 15 early, 12 advanced, and 30 metastatic human lung cancer samples along with 15 normal controls (Supplementary Data 8).