Although risk reduction from starch remains controversial,40 some studies report an inverse relation with CRC.41 In vivo, starch may improve the microbiome and total stool composition and stool volume to promote shifts in microbial diversity that may reduce inflammation by controlling COX-2, NF-kB, TNF-a, and IL-1b.42 The gene discussed is IL1B; the disease is colorectal carcinoma.