PDX1 and Hyperglycemia: Hyperglycemia-induced dedifferentiation is an important mechanism that leads to β-cell failure [35, 41–43], and we found that β-cells in diabetic rats and primary islets with high glucose interventions lost their identities and turned into pancreatic endocrine progenitors that featured by high levels of Ngn3 and Oct4, as well as significantly decreased expression of Pdx1 and Foxo1. These results are consistent with previous reports [6, 44].