TNF and infection: In these AAV/hACE2 mice, pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, such as IL-6 and CXCL10, were triggered from day 2–5 p.i. Subsequently on day 7 p.i., IFN-γ elevated and the expression of TNF-α and IL-2 received a further boost, possibly led by the monocytes, macrophages and T cells attracted to the infection sites due to the continuous cytokine/chemokine stimulation.