Currently, several types of biomarkers are available for clinical use in patients with PCa, which include blood-based tests (prostate-specific antigen, Prostate Health Index®, 4K score®), urine sample-based tests (PCA3, SelectMDx®, ExoDx Prostate IntelliScore®), and tissue-based tests (ConfirmMDx®, Oncotype®, Prolaris®, Decipher®) (19). This evidence concerns the gene KLK3 and posterior cortical atrophy.