Tumour associated macrophages (TAMs) promote cancer immune evasion and are associated with worse overall survival and recurrence-free survival.116 Increased mitochondrial fission promotes mtROS and cytoplasmic release of mtDNA.122 mtDNA and HMGB1 can stimulate TLR9 both individually and in complex.122 TLR9 activates NF-κB signalling, promoting the expression of CCL2 and increasing TAM recruitment.116 Therefore, changes in mitochondrial dynamics influence cell signalling to promote TAM infiltration and tumour immune evasion. This evidence concerns the gene HMGB1 and neoplasm.