VDAC1 and Hepatic steatosis: Melatonin was shown to improve PA induced mtROS, mitochondrial fission and mitophagy inhibition thereby improving mitochondrial respiration and reducing cell apoptosis.61 R-Tf-D-LP4 is a peptide targeted to the voltage dependant anion channel 1 (VDAC1) on mitochondria.79 In a HFD-fed NASH mouse model, R-Tf-D-LP4 increased expression of uncoupling proteins with resulting increase in energy expenditure and was associated with reduced hepatic steatosis, ballooning and inflammation.79