TLR9 and neoplasm: Tumour associated macrophages (TAMs) promote cancer immune evasion and are associated with worse overall survival and recurrence-free survival.116 Increased mitochondrial fission promotes mtROS and cytoplasmic release of mtDNA.122 mtDNA and HMGB1 can stimulate TLR9 both individually and in complex.122 TLR9 activates NF-κB signalling, promoting the expression of CCL2 and increasing TAM recruitment.116 Therefore, changes in mitochondrial dynamics influence cell signalling to promote TAM infiltration and tumour immune evasion.