The MCU and its regulatory proteins subunit (MCUR1) are upregulated in HCC tissue compared with matched normal tissue.29,118,119 Upregulation of MCU and MCUR1 in HCC cell lines is associated with increased mitochondrial calcium.29,119 Increased expression of MCU or MCUR1 was associated with poorer overall survival and recurrence-free survival.29,119 Additionally, mtDNA is found to be affected with reduced copy number and increased mutational burden.109,110. This evidence concerns the gene MCU and hepatocellular carcinoma.