In the advanced GC cohort receiving anti-PD-1 immunotherapy,5 the TMEscore yielded the highest AUC (AUC=0.891), surpassing other prevalent biomarkers, including MSI status, TMB, CPS and EBV infection (AUC=0.708, 0.672, 0.817, and 0.708, respectively) (figure 1C and online supplemental table S3), and several transcriptomic-based predictive counterparts, comprizing gene expression profile score (GEPs),18 ImmunoScore,29 CD8+ T effector score, and pan-fibroblast TGF-β response signature (Pan-F-TBRs)6(figure 1D). Here, TGFB1 is linked to Epstein-Barr virus infection.