KEGG pathway analysis showed the hub genes highly participated in pathways related to cancer (25 genes), PI3K-Akt signaling (17 genes), TNF signaling (16 genes), HIF-1 signaling (13 genes), MAPK signaling (13 genes) and Toll-like receptor signaling (12 genes), indicating the underlying molecular mechanisms of SHD in UC treatment (Fig. 4B). Here, TNF is linked to cancer.