TNF and Hydrocephalus: Furthermore, we assessed several proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL‐1β, IL‐6 and TNF‐α, by Western blotting, and the results showed that the expression levels of IL‐1β, IL‐6 and TNF‐α in the cortex and hippocampus were increased in the hydrocephalus group compared with the sham group at 28 days (Figure 2C,D,G,H).