INS and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: In addition to playing a pivotal role in innate immune defense against invading pathogens, cGAS also recognizes host DNAs such as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) aberrantly localized in the cytosol (West et al., 2015), contributing to increased metabolic disorders such as sterile inflammation, insulin resistance, and the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (Bai et al., 2017, 2020; Bai and Liu, 2019).