GLS and squamous cell carcinoma: In squamous cell carcinoma, CAFs were observed to increase the stiffness of ECM, which activated the Yes-related protein (YAP)/transcriptional co-activator PDZ binding motif pathway and induced the expression of YAP downstream genes, glutaminase (GLS1), LDHA, and SLC1A3, thereby activating the glycolytic and glutamine metabolic pathways within the tumor cells.