The Hepa 1-6 cell vaccine, equipped with granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) as adjuvants, was protective against HCC in a syngeneic C67L/J mouse model, and the autologous fixed tumor formulation vaccine was validated as preventing HCC recurrence in phase I/II clinical trials [21, 22]. This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and neoplasm.