HMGB1 and brain ischemia: In addition, cel excellently relieved transient global cerebral ischemia and permanent cerebral ischemia induced injury by promoting microglia/macrophage M2 polarization [6], reducing the expression of p-JNK, p–c-Jun and NF-κB [7], and inhibiting the high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1)/NF-κB signaling pathway to exhibit antiinflammatory and antioxidant actions in rats [8].