Anaemia is prevalent in stage 5 CKD due to reduced production of erythropoietin, a hormone produced by the kidney that regulates erythrocyte production from bone marrow (necessitating erythropoietin therapy in most haemodialysis patients), and also as a result of uraemic inhibitors of erythrocyte production [32]. The gene discussed is EPO; the disease is anemia (phenotype).