TNF and Sepsis: During the onset of sepsis, endothelial and epithelial cells as well as immune cells like lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils, release pro-inflammatory mediators like tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and IL-8 followed by the production of anti-inflammatory mediators like IL-10, IL-13, or transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) [17].