As TLR4 is expressed on podocytes and is upregulated in glomerular disease (13, 15), we isolated and cultured primary podocytes from WT and Twist1-PKO animals and then stimulated TLR4 on the podocytes with LPS for 6 hours to mimic the podocyte activation that occurs during inflammatory injury (15). This evidence concerns the gene TWIST1 and glomerular disorder.