PRKAA1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Metformin, as a well-accepted oral drug for type 2 diabetes patients, could induce the augmented activation of AMPK in vitro and in vivo efficiently (46), so our work first found that Pdlim5, a component of muscle cytoskeleton that is related to many cardiovascular diseases (47), as a substrate of AMPK could be phosphorylated only by augmented activated AMPK, which induces the abolishment of the migratory machine in VSMCs in vitro and in vivo.