TNF and congenital rubella syndrome: The immune effector cells release a large amount of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines (Tukmechi, et al., 2014), such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 7 (IL-7) and granulocyte colony stimulating factor (Pedersen and Ho, 2020), inducing an uncontrolled CRS, and leading to various clinical manifestations, such as high fever, hepatosplenomegaly, cytopenia, central nervous system abnormalities, hypoalbuminaemia and capillary leakage (England, et al., 2021; Gao, et al., 2021).