TNF and neoplasm: M1 macrophage phenotype can secrete C-X-C chemokine ligand (CXCL)-5, CXCL-9, CXCL-10 and other chemokines, express tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-12, IL-2 and other proinflammatory cytokines simultaneously, promote antigen presentation and Th1 activation, and after that play essential roles in anti-tumor protection (Pan, 2012; Zhao et al., 2014).