HAMP and infection: Conversely, due to the vital role of hepcidin in host response to infection and being aware of the multiple signals which regulate hepcidin expression, it is likely that inhibition of one or two signals will result in compensatory stimulation of salvage signaling pathways to ensure proper hepcidin formation during host response against infection (Ganz and Nemeth, 2015; Girelli et al., 2016; Nairz and Weiss, 2020).