IL4 and coccidioidomycosis: A T cell helper 1 (Th1) response is associated with cytokines such as IL-12 and IFN-γ and has been shown to be important for protection against coccidioidomycosis [83, 108], while a Th2-type response, activated by cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-5, has been shown to downregulate the immune response during a Coccidioides infection [83].