TNF and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: In addition, gallic acid has been recently observed to effectively modulate pulmonary inflammation associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), an inflammatory lung disease, in elastase (ET) and cigarette smoke (CS)-induced mice model demonstrated through the attenuation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β) and to downregulate gene expression of elevated expression of pro-inflammatory factors such as TNF-α, IL-1β, MIP-2, KC, and GCSF in lungs [108].