Importantly, one recent study found that transcriptional and translational expression of NLRP3 inflammasome markers (including caspase-1, pro-IL-1β, IL-1β, pro-IL-18 and IL-18) in mononuclear cells were significantly increased (2 to 7-fold) in smokers with coronary artery disease (CAD) in contrast to non-smokers with CAD (56). The gene discussed is NLRP3; the disease is coronary artery disorder.