NETs, composed of chromatin DNA, oxidized mitochondrial DNA, antimicrobial peptides, and the high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein, can function as a trigger for excessive IFN-I secretion through the activation of TLR7 and/or TLR9 in pDCs of patients with SLE (36–39). This evidence concerns the gene TLR9 and systemic lupus erythematosus.