Specifically, anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapies have been approved by FDA for treating more than ten cancer entities, including melanoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and all types of deficient mismatch repair(dMMR) tumors (1–3). Here, PDCD1 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.