Moreover, hierarchical clustering analysis showed that a large proportion of the overlapping DEGs mRNA expression exhibited an infection time-dependent upregulation in three H5N1 infection data series (Figure 3C).Additionally, H3N2, H7N7, H7N9, and H11N9-induced gene expression profiles at 24 hpi were overlapped to identify 15 upregulated genes (IFNB1, IL6, CMPK2, IL28A, IFIT3, IL29, RSAD2, MX2, IFI44, IFIT2, IFIH1, IFIT1, IFI44L, CXCL10, BATF2) following the criteria of P<0.05 and |logFC|≥1.5 (Figures 4A–E). Here, CMPK2 is linked to infection.