Interestingly, Alprazolam can also activate STAT5 in non-HIV-1 infected cells, therefore, despite CD8+ T cells being a non-target to HIV-1 infection, the activation of STAT5 in CD8 cells may have allowed increased biding of STAT5 on the IFNγ promoter and jump-start cytokine production. Here, STAT5A is linked to HIV-1 infection.