TNF and cholestasis: Inflammatory factors, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 β (IL-1β), interleukin- 6 (IL-6), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), are involved in drug-induced liver injury, cholestasis, alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases, and other chronic liver disease processes (Szabo and Csak, 2012).