TLR4 and hepatocellular carcinoma: Activation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-TLR4 induces the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-6 in Kupffer cells, and excessive cytokine secretion with continuous LPS accumulation may act as a pathological mediator of inflammation-related HCC [38].