During viral infections, pattern recognition receptors (e.g., Toll-like receptors) can sense a variety of pathogen-associated molecular patterns displayed by viruses (e.g., envelope glycoproteins, single and double-stranded nucleic acids), which stimulate transcription of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and other pro-inflammatory cytokines [90,91]. The gene discussed is IL6; the disease is viral infectious disease.