PRKN and Parkinson disease: On the other hand, genetic models, including mutation or knock out of the genes encoding αSyn, parkin (a ubiquitin E3 ligase), PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1, a mitochondrial serine/threonine-protein kinase), DJ-1 (a protein deglycase), leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), and glucocerebrosidase (GBA), have been generated to gain insight into PD pathophysiology [124,125,126,127].