TARDBP and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: The most common mutations causing ALS occur in genes such as superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 (TARDBP, which encodes the protein TDP-43), hexanucleotide repeat expansion in the chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9ORF72), and fused in sarcoma (FUS).