TNF and gestational diabetes: Several clinical studies in GDM patients have demonstrated alterations in a broad profile of inflammatory mediators, including lower serum levels of anti-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-10 and adiponectin, higher serum levels of pro-inflammatory TNF-α and IL-6, increased maternal serum adipokines (chemerin, leptin, omentin, visfatin, and the fatty acid-binding protein 4 FABP-4), Th1 cytokines (INF-γ, IL-2, IL-18) and chemokines (CXCL16, IL-8) [115,116,117,118,119,120].