Considering these inconsistencies, we believe more studies are needed to clarify insulin signaling in GDM placentae and to understand how placental imbalance in these signaling pathways results in higher levels of inflammatory cytokines, adipokines and oxidative reactive species, insulin resistance, and vascular disorders, all of which prevail in the local placenta and peripheral tissues of GDM mothers. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is Insulin resistance.